The Four forces of Evolution & Speciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Four forces of Evolution & Speciation - Essay Example The ones focused on are; Species, Population, the four forces of evolution, the variation within and between populations, isolating mechanisms and speciation. Microevolution: This describes the significant changes that occur in a species over time, to give it traits or groups of traits classifying it differently from its original species, for example, as a sub-species, a variety or a race (Maiti & Maiti 252). Macroevolution: This describes the significant changes in a species over time that makes it into a totally different species. An example is the evolution of earlier tetrapods into mammals. The results of this process are cumulative that is, the species form after an evolution for over millions of years (Maiti & Maiti 254). Gene flow: This is the transfer of gene alleles from one population to the other. Populations are different from species. A population is defined as the number of a specific species of an organism, found in a specific geographic region. A species is a population of organisms defined by their ability to interbreed naturally among themselves, and produce offspring that can also interbreed. The transfer of alleles, therefore, causes changes in the genetic make-up of the population, hence their traits (Maiti & Maiti 256). There are other issues that take part in the evolution, but differently. One of such factors is the isolation mechanisms. Species have similar genes and a common ancestry, yet still, there are those of similar genes and a common ancestry, but are unable to reproduce. This is explained by the isolation mechanisms. Isolation mechanisms are functional, structural, and behavioral characteristics that prevent species from reproducing. Isolation mechanisms, therefore, play a role in maintaining particular species and creating new ones. The development of a new species from an evolutionary process is known as speciation that is influenced by all the above evolutionary

Businesses in the Long-run Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Businesses in the Long-run - Essay Example The original industry size can not hold the increased output. However, the size of the expanded industry has to be optimum to ensure that the business is able to avoid diseconomies of scale (Roncaglia 2006 p 582). There are many factors that may affect the effectiveness of a business in the long-run. For example, technological advancement may either improve the operations hence increased output and reduced cost of production, or it may lead to the obsolescence of the existing technology leading to an extra cost for the business. A business may experience falling long-run costs through changing the factors of production. There is an optimum level whereby the prices are expected to be maintained, or gradually begin to rise as the factors of production continue to be varied. However, there are situations when the long-run costs may continue falling even after this point is reached, which indicates the capacity of the industry to satisfy the market with greater variation of the inputs. This essay is a critique of why businesses might experience falling long-run costs as well as the effects of this on the competitive process and the structure of industries. It also critiques the reasons why long-run costs might begin to rise, and how a business can try to avoid the rise, to maintain competitiveness in the market. Businesses usually experience falling long-run costs after engaging in ... This occurs due to the fact that if a particular production system can produce more units when more inputs are applied, it would not be utilized maximally if only a few inputs are applied in the system (Roncaglia 2006 p 582). For example, if a sisal processing plant can produce 300 units of finished product from 700 units of raw materials and operates in an environment whereby the source of raw materials can only supply 400 units, it might benefit in the long-run if it moves to other regions where the raw materials are abundant. This would lead to a fall in the long-run cost since the same plant that was initially used to produce few products for a lower profit will be used to produce a larger quantity of output within the same premises for greater profits. This means that in the long-run, a firm is able to increase its efficiency through increasing the inputs. On the other hand, when inputs are variable, the firm will only maintain the inputs that can reduce the cost of production t o improve profitability. Market expansion is significant in leading to a fall in the long-run costs of a business. This is because as new industries are established in a particular region, the prevailing industries are likely to expand to match the emerging industries. Development of industries concentrated in a particular region attracts professionals in the appropriate fields of production; hence it becomes easy for organizations to access skilled labor thereby increasing productivity. The more an industry employs skilled workforce, the more the costs of production decrease. On the other hand, suppliers for raw materials are likely to lower their cost as a result of many suppliers competing